Restoration Of The CFTR Function By Splicing Modulation

ABSTRACT

Oligonucleotides capable of binding to and modulating the splicing of the pre-mRNA of the CFTR gene, compositions including the oligonucleotides, kits including the compositions, and uses thereof. Compositions of oligonucleotides useful in methods for suppressing exon 10 skipping optionally in combination with additional CFTR therapeutics.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to oligonucleotides capable of binding to a Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) pre-mRNA, thereby modulating its splicing. In particular, the present invention provides oligonucleotides and compositions thereof useful in methods for suppressing exon 10 skipping, optionally in combination with additional CFTR splicing modulators or other Cystic Fibrosis therapeutics.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a common, severe autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the CFTR gene. The CFTR gene encodes for a chloride channel responsible for chloride transport in epithelial cells. The major manifestations of CF are in the lungs, with more than 90% mortality related to the respiratory disease. The disease in the respiratory tract is linked to the insufficient CFTR function in the airway epithelium.

As of today, approximately 2000 different mutations disrupting the CFTR functions have been identified worldwide, grouped into five distinct classes based on their effect on the CFTR function (Rogan M. P. et al., 2011). Class I includes mutations that lead to non-functional CFTR (large deletions and stop codon mutations). Class II mutations (including the common F508del) lead to aberrantly folded CFTR protein that is recognized by the cell quality control mechanism and subsequently degraded, resulting in the absence of mature CFTR protein at the apical cell membrane. Class III mutations lead to full-length CFTR protein being incorporated into the cell membrane, but with defective regulation so that no CFTR function is present. These three classes usually lead to a classic CF phenotype with pancreatic insufficiency, although the severity of lung disease is highly variable. CFTR mutations leading to defective chloride conductance are grouped into Class IV. Class V mutations involve transcription dysregulation, resulting in a decreased amount of otherwise normal CFTR. The latter two classes are often associated with a milder phenotype and pancreatic sufficiency. Specifically, CFTR that results from a class IV mutation inserts into the plasma membrane but exhibits reduced single-channel chloride ion conductance because of reduced chloride permeation and open channel probability. R117H, among the most common class IV mutations, occurs at a worldwide frequency approaching 0.5%. The R117H missense mutation causes an arginine-to-histidine substitution at residue 117. R117H-CFTR R domain is normally phosphorylated, and the nucleotide binding domain (NBD) binds adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but channel open time and thus chloride transport are reduced. Additionally, the degree of R117H-CFTR function depends on the length of the polythymidine tract in intron 9 on the same chromosome (which influences splicing efficiency) such that the longer thymidine tracts (9T>7T>5T) produce more functional R117H-CFTR. Clinical disease typically requires the R117H mutation in cis with 5T (Rogan M. P. et al., 2011; Kiesewetter et al., 1993). Found in <1% of patients with CF, class V mutations produce normal plasma membrane CFTR. The quantity, however, is generally reduced as a result of transcriptional dysregulation. Class V mutations frequently influence the splicing machinery and generate both aberrantly and correctly spliced mRNA, the levels of which vary among different patients and even among different organs of the same patients. Ultimately, the splice variants result in a reduced number of functioning CFTR in the plasma membrane (Rogan M. P. et al., 2011).

About 10-15% of CFTR mutations affect the correct splicing of the gene transcripts. Among these are two mutations that are included in the invention: the first is the splicing mutation 3849+10 kb C-to-T which leads to inclusion of an 84 base pair cryptic exon in the mature messenger RNA (mRNA) (denoted “intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion” mutation). The mutation is the 12th most common CFTR mutation in the world, which occurs in hundreds of CF patients worldwide (Kerem et al., 1997; www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/; www.genet.sickkids.on.ca/resource/Table1.html). Correction of said aberrant splicing of the CFTR gene by “anti-sense” oligonucleotides was recently attempted by Friedman et al, 1999.

The second mutation is better described as a sequence variation in the poly (TG)_(n)(T)_(n) tract at the acceptor splice site of exon 10 affecting the retention of this exon in the mature mRNA (denoted “exon 10 exclusion” mutation). Importantly, the skipping of the exon results in a non-functional gene transcript, as the exon encodes for the first 21% of the intra-cytoplasmic nucleotide binding fold 1 (NBF1), a critical region for the CFTR function (Cutting et al., 1990; Kerem B. S. et al., 1990). The CFTR gene in many individuals, healthy or CF patients, has an inherent splicing inefficiency of exon 10 due to the non-optimal length of the sequence (TG)_(n)(T)_(n) with alleles carrying the (TG)₁₃(T)₅ combination generating the highest skipping levels (Chu et al., 2003; Hefferon et al., 2004; Groman et al., 2004).

One of the most promising therapeutic approaches for the treatment of genetic disorders caused by splicing mutations is based on splice-switching “anti-sense” oligonucleotides (AOs) administration. AOs are short synthetic RNA-like molecules chemically modified, which can anneal to motifs predicted to be involved in the pre-mRNA splicing. Their binding to selected sites is expected to mask the targeted region and promote normal splicing. AOs are highly specific for their targets and do not affect any other sequences in the cells. Several types of chemically modified AO molecules are commonly used including: 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate (2OMP), phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomer (PMO), peptide nucleic acids (PNAs), 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate (MOE) and alternating locked nucleic acids (LNAs). Two of these are in more common use, 2OMP and PMO.

The AOs modifications maintain their stabilization, improve their target affinity, and provide favorable pharmacokinetic properties and biological stability. It has been conclusively shown that splice-switching AOs can redirect dystrophin pre-mRNA processing in murine models for Duchene Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) so that an exon carrying a premature protein termination signal (nonsense mutation) can be excluded from the mature gene transcript resulting in a shorter but still functional dystrophin isoform (Mann et al., 2001). Progress in dystrophin exon skipping has been rapid, with proof-of-concept studies reported in 2007 (van Deutekom et al., 2007) and 2009 (Kinali et al., 2009), and more recently with the publication of results from systemic administration to patients (Goemans et al., 2011; Cirak et al., 2011; Mendell J. R. et al., 2013). Systemic administration of OMP (5 weekly subcutaneous injections in 12 patients) showed dose-dependent molecular efficacy in patients with DMD (new dystrophin expression in muscle fibers), with a modest improvement in the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) in 8/10 patients which entered a 12 week extension study (Goemans et al., 2011). Systemic administration of PMO (AVI-4658) (12 weekly IV infusions) (Cirak et al., 2001) caused in 7/19 of the patients exon skipping and dystrophin restoration. Moreover, in a recent study published by Mendell J R et al. (Mendell J. R. et al., 2013) the ability of AVI-4658 to induce dystrophin production and to improve distance walk on the 6MWT was evaluated following 48 weeks of weekly IV infusions AVI-4658 restored functional dystrophin expression, causing a mean increase of 47% of dystrophin-positive fibers (change from baseline) together with an improvement in the 6MWT.

In addition to induced exon skipping, AOs can be designed to mask splice-silencing elements that reduce exon recognition and subsequent inclusion in the mature mRNA. Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive condition (Lorson, Rindt, & Shababi, 2010) caused by the loss of the SMN1 gene together with a C>T variation in SMN2 exon 7, leading to abnormal splicing in which SMN2 exon 7 is skipped, resulting in a non-functional gene product. AOs have been designed to mask nearby flanking SMN2 splice silencer elements to promote synthesis of full-length transcripts (Singh, Shishimorova, Cao, Gangwani, & Singh, 2009; Mitrpant et al., 2009). An intrathecally administration of morpholino oligomer to neonatal mouse pups with severe SMA was highly successful, significantly extending their survival (Porensky et al., 2012).

Different routes of AOs delivery have been examined in animal models and applied in clinical trials, chosen primarily according to the target tissue. For example, 2OMP was administrated to DMD patients (PRO-051) by local intramuscular injection (van Deutekom et al., 2007), and by abdominal subcutaneous injections (Goemans et al., 2011). 2OMP was also administrated to a SMA mouse model by intracerebroventricular injection (Williams et al., 2009; Hua et al., 2010). PMO was administrated to a DMD mouse model by intramuscular injection (Gebski, Mann, Fletcher, & Wilton, 2003), and repeated weakly intraperitoneal injections (Goyenvalle et al., 2010). PMO was also administrated to a SMA mouse model by intracerebroventricular injection (Porensky et al., 2012), and to DMD patients (AVI-4658) by local intramuscular injection (Kinali et al., 2009), or intravenously administration (Cirak et al., 2011; Mendell et al., 2013).

There remains a constant need in the field of Cystic Fibrosis management for novel, potent therapeutics, designed to overcome the numerous mutations in the CFTR gene identified thus far, and restore CFTR function.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides compositions comprising oligonucleotides capable of binding to a CFTR pre-mRNA, thereby modulating splicing and restoring or enhancing the function of the CFTR gene product. The present invention thus identifies sequences within the CFTR pre-mRNA which are targeted in order to modulate the splicing cascade of the CFTR pre-mRNA. Modulating CFTR pre-mRNA splicing, as demonstrated in the present invention, can avoid improper skipping of canonical exons and can also avoid improper recognition of intron sequences as exons. As a result of the modulation of splicing, a functional CFTR protein is produced by an otherwise aberrant CFTR allele.

The present invention stems in part from the finding that artificial “anti-sense” polynucleotide molecules are able to target and bind predetermined sequences at the pre-mRNA molecule of the CFTR gene, and that said binding can modulate the splicing of said pre-mRNA molecule into a mature mRNA which is subsequently translated into a functional CFTR protein. The targets within a CFTR pre-mRNA molecule are those discovered to be involved in splicing, either indirectly, by affecting the splicing of adjacent as well as more remote sequences, or directly, by affecting their own splicing.

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 18 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is capable of binding to a pre-mRNA transcript of the CFTR gene, and suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA.

In certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 18 nucleotides e.g. at least 18 or at least 21 nucleotides. In other certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises about 20 to 30 nucleotides e.g. about 20 to 28, about 20 to 26 or about 22 to 26 nucleotides. In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In order to suppress exon 10 exclusion, the synthetic polynucleotide must bind to an exon 10 splicing-silencing-motif found within and/or adjacent to exon 10 of the CFTR gene. Thus, in certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, or to a fragment thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The interaction between the synthetic polynucleotide molecules of the present invention and their targets, CFTR pre-mRNA molecules, is primarily a base-base interaction, wherein the nucleotides of the synthetic polynucleotide molecules of the present invention have a base sequence complementary to the base sequence of their CFTR pre-mRNA target(s). It therefore should be understood that the type of backbone used to link the nucleotides of the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention is secondary, as long as it is known by a man of the art to be appropriate for carrying bases and targeting single stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules. Many such backbones are long known in the art, including the following non-limiting examples of a phosphate-ribose backbone (as in RNA), a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone (as in DNA), a phosphorothioate backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate (2OMP) backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) backbone, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate (MOE) backbone, and an alternating locked nucleic acids (LNAs) backbone (reviewed in Lu et al., 2011), all of which are considered appropriate backbones according to the present invention, and each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention comprises a sequence of at least about 18 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein each nucleotide comprises a base which is independently selected from adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil and optionally thymine, attached to each other via one of said backbones.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalational, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Being a long-known and well-studied disease, certain drugs and agents are already known in the art for the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis patients. Thus, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention further comprises at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent.

In certain such embodiments, the additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor). In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

According to other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, for use in the modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA. Any change in ratio between certain CFTR splicing variants is also considered the result of splicing modulation. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Thus, according to certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in reducing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12. In other embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in increasing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide described above comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence.

Being a genetic disease, Cystic Fibrosis currently cannot be cured, but its clinical manifestations can be treated by the oligonucleotides of the present invention, for a marked increase and/or improvement in a patient's clinical status and quality of life. Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above to said patient.

In certain embodiments, the clinical parameter is selected from the group consisting of lung function, time to the first pulmonary exacerbation, a change in weight, a change in height, a change in Body Mass Index (BMI), a change in the concentration of sweat chloride, number and/or duration of pulmonary exacerbations, total number of days of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbations, or the need for antibiotic therapy for sinopulmonary signs or symptoms. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent to said patient.

In certain such embodiments, said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. More specific embodiments of said agents are described above.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In certain such embodiments, the method comprises administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the administration of said synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention and the administration of said at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are independently oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalational, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the selection of an administration route depends on the nature of the therapeutic agent and on the site of its intended effect, and thus certain agents may be administrated via the same or different administration routes.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and an additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent. In certain embodiments said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. More specific embodiments of said agents are described above.

In other certain embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In specific such embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide and said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are comprised in one or more, the same or different pharmaceutical compositions. In other certain embodiments, said one or more pharmaceutical compositions are each independently formulated for oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalation, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is capable of binding to a pre-mRNA transcript of the CFTR gene, and suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. The phrase “suppress intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion” as used herein refers to lowering the occurrence of the addition of 84 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 5) found within intron 22 of the CFTR gene to the mature CFTR mRNA, leading to degradation of said mRNA by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism, as illustrated in FIG. 6. In certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, or to a fragment thereof. In other certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The present invention further provides, in a related aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

In a further related aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, for use in the modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA. In certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is for use in reducing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In other certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is for use in increasing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In other certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The invention further provides, in an aspect, a method for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above to said patient. In certain embodiments, said clinical parameter is selected from the group consisting of lung function, time to the first pulmonary exacerbation, change in weight, change in height, a change in Body Mass Index (BMI), change in the concentration of sweat chloride, number and/or duration of pulmonary exacerbations, total number of days of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbations, and the need for antibiotic therapy for sinopulmonary signs or symptoms. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: illustrates the effect of aberrant splicing of exon 10 of the CFTR gene. Bottom—upon normal splicing, exons 9 becomes adjacent to exon 10, and exon 10 becomes adjacent to exon 11. Middle—the poly (TG)_(n)(T)_(n) tract at the acceptor splice site of exon 10 affects the retention of this exon in the mature mRNA, (TG)₁₃(T)₅ generating the highest skipping levels. Top—the skipping of the exon results in a non-functional gene transcript.

FIG. 2: illustrates the binding site (underlined) of oligonucleotide 5 used to suppress aberrant splicing of exon 10 of the CFTR gene. Small case sequences—intron 9 and intron 10, respectively. Upper case sequence—exon 10.

FIG. 3: illustrates the levels of base-line exon 10 skipping in untreated 16HBE cells.

FIG. 4: illustrates the effect of oligonucleotide 5 on the correct splicing of exon 10 of the CFTR gene. FL 501 bp—variant comprising exon 10. Δ 10 318 bp—variant without exon 10.

FIG. 5: illustrates the advantage of combining oligonucleotides targeted to correct CFTR exon 10 skipping with other CFTR therapies, e.g. oligonucleotides targeted to correct CFTR splicing mutation.

FIG. 6: illustrates the effect of the 3849+10 kb C to T mutation in intron 22 of the CFTR gene. Top—upon normal splicing, exon 22 and exon 23 become adjacent. Bottom—a splicing mutation in intron 22 (denoted “3849+10 kb C-to-T” mutation) leads to inclusion of an excess of 84 bases in the mature CFTR mRNA (denoted “intron 22 cryptic exon”). The mutation creates a premature in-frame stop codon, leading to mRNA degradation by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism.

FIG. 7: illustrates the binding sites (underlined) of oligonucleotides 1-4 within the 84 bases cryptic exon (oligonucleotides 2 and 3), or at the junctions between intron 22 and the internal cryptic exon (oligonucleotides 1 and 4) in a CFTR allele carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T mutation. Bold—a premature in-frame stop codon.

FIG. 8A-8B: illustrates the effect of oligonucleotides 1-4 on (8A) CFTR 84 bp splicing variant mRNA levels, and on (8B) total CFTR mRNA levels. Specific oligonucleotides were transfected (Lipofectamine, Invitrogen) into CFP15a epithelial cell line carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T splicing mutation (transfection concentration: 10 nM and 25 nM). Total RNA was extracted from the cells 24 hours after transfection and cDNA was amplified by RT-PCR followed by nested PCR. Following oligonucleotides treatment, a marked elevation in the level of correctly spliced transcript (total CFTR) was observed. Under the same conditions aberrantly spliced transcripts were undetectable.

FIG. 9: illustrates the effect of oligonucleotide 4 on the restoration of the CFTR protein function. CFP15a epithelial cell line, carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T splicing mutation, were transfected with oligonucleotide 4 for 24 hours (transfection concentration: 10 nM). Following transfection, the cells were analyzed for functional CFTR activity using the halide efflux assay (SPQ). Following the oligonucleotide 4 treatment, a significant restoration of the CFTR activity was observed. Arrow—the addition of Forskolin and Genestein, two CFTR channel activators. The extent of fluorescence is correlated with CFTR channel activation. Fluorescence was normalized versus baseline. The CFTR functional analysis of a representative cell is shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides oligonucleotides and compositions comprising said oligonucleotides, capable of binding to a CFTR pre-mRNA, thereby modulating splicing and restoring or enhancing the function of the CFTR gene product. The present invention thus identifies sequences within the CFTR pre-mRNA which are targeted in order to modulate the splicing cascade of the CFTR pre-mRNA. Modulating CFTR pre-mRNA splicing, as demonstrated in the present invention, can avoid improper skipping of canonical exons and can also avoid improper recognition of intron sequences as exons. As a result of the modulation of splicing, a functional CFTR protein is produced by an otherwise aberrant CFTR allele.

The present invention stems in part from the finding that artificial “anti-sense” polynucleotide molecules are able to target and bind predetermined sequences at the pre-mRNA molecule of the CFTR gene, and that said binding modulates the splicing of said pre-mRNA molecule into mature mRNA, which subsequently translates into a functional CFTR protein. The targets within a CFTR pre-mRNA molecule are those discovered to be involved in splicing, either indirectly, by affecting the splicing of adjacent as well as remote sequences, or directly, by affecting their own splicing.

Thus, in one aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 18 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is capable of binding to a pre-mRNA transcript of the CFTR gene, and suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA.

The phrase “a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 18 consecutive nucleotide bases” as used herein refers to a sequence of at least 18 consecutive nucleotides linked by a backbone, wherein each nucleotide comprises a base. In certain embodiments, said base is selected from the group consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil and optionally thymine. In other certain embodiments, said base is selected from the group consisting of adenine, guanine, cytosine and uracil. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The phrase “suppressing exon 10 exclusion” as used herein refers to lowering the occurrence of the exclusion of exon 10 from the mature CFTR mRNA (as in SEQ ID NO: 12), also known as “exon 10 skipping”, which upon translation results in a non-functional protein, as illustrated in FIG. 1.

In certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 18 nucleotides e.g. at least 18, at least 19, at least 20 or at least 21 nucleotides. In other certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises about 20 to 30 nucleotides e.g. about 20 to 28, about 20 to 26 or about 22 to 26 nucleotides. In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In order to suppress exon 10 exclusion, the synthetic polynucleotide must bind to an exon 10 splicing-silencing-motif found within and/or adjacent to exon 10 of the CFTR gene. Thus, in certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, or to a fragment thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The term “exon 10 splicing-silencing-motif” as used herein refers to negatively acting elements involved in exon recognition, i.e any nucleotide sequences within the CFTR pre-mRNA, the binding of which by an exogenous agent, e.g. the oligonucleotides of the present invention, decreases the incidence of exon 10 skipping, increases the incidence of exon 10 inclusion, and/or increasing the level of full length normal CFTR mRNA (as assessed by conventional methods, e.g. by RT-PCR across the CFTR mRNA transcripts).

The phrase “or to a fragment thereof” as used herein refers to any consecutive fragment of the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3, which is at least equal in length to the nucleotide sequence comprised in the synthetic polynucleotide. For example, if the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention comprises a sequence of 18 consecutive nucleotides, the fragment of the nucleotide sequence in SEQ ID NO: 2 or SEQ ID NO: 3 to which it binds is also 18 nucleotides in length.

In certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The phrase “active fragment of a nucleotide sequence” as used herein refers to a fragment that is 100% identical to a contiguous portion of the full nucleotide sequence, providing that at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the activity of the original nucleotide sequence is retained. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

According to some embodiments, said active fragment consists at least about 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80% or 90% of the original nucleotide sequence. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

The interaction between the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention and their target, a CFTR pre-mRNA, is primarily a base-base interaction, wherein the nucleotides of the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention have a base sequence complementary to the base sequence of their target CFTR pre-mRNA. It therefore should be understood that the type of backbone used to link the nucleotides of the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention is secondary, as long as it is known to a man of average skill in the art to be appropriate for carrying bases for targeting single stranded DNA and/or RNA molecules. Many such backbones are long known in the art, including the following non-limiting examples of a phosphate-ribose backbone (as in RNA), a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone (as in DNA), a phosphorothioate backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate (2OMP) backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) backbone, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate (MOE) backbone, and an alternating locked nucleic acids (LNAs) backbone, all of which are considered appropriate backbones according to the present invention, and each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, said backbone is selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate (2OMP) backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) backbone, a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) backbone, a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate (MOE) backbone, and an alternating locked nucleic acids (LNAs) backbone. In more specific embodiments, said backbone is selected from the group consisting of a phosphorothioate backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate (2OMP) backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino (PMO) backbone and a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate (MOE) backbone. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” as used herein refers to any of the standard pharmaceutical carriers known in the field such as sterile solutions, tablets, coated tablets, and capsules. Typically such carriers contain excipients such as starch, milk, sugar, certain types of clay, gelatin, stearic acids or salts thereof, magnesium or calcium stearate, talc, vegetable fats or oils, gums, glycols, or other known excipients. Such carriers may also include flavor and color additives or other ingredients. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include, but are not limited to, the following: water, saline, buffers, inert, nontoxic solids (e.g., mannitol, talc). Compositions comprising such carriers are formulated by well-known conventional methods. Depending on the intended mode of administration and the intended use, the compositions may be in the form of solid, semi-solid, or liquid dosage forms, such, for example, as powders, granules, crystals, liquids, suspensions, liposomes, nano-particles, nano-emulsions, pastes, creams, salves, etc., and may be in unit-dosage forms suitable for administration of relatively precise dosages.

In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalational, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Being a long-known and well-studied disease, certain drugs and agents are known in the art for the treatment of Cystic Fibrosis patients. Administrating a synthetic polynucleotide molecule according to the present invention with one or more of these drugs may be crucial in achieving beneficial therapeutic results (see e.g. FIG. 5). Thus, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention further comprises at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent.

In certain such embodiments, said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor). In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

According to other embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In an embodiment, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In another aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, for use in the modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA. The phrase “modulation of splicing” as used herein refers to affecting a change in the level of any RNA or mRNA variant produced by the CFTR native pre-mRNA, e.g. causing an increase or decrease in the level of abnormal CFTR mRNA not comprising exon 10, causing an increase or decrease in the level of normal, full CFTR mRNA, and/or causing an increase or decrease in the level of abnormal CFTR RNA or mRNA comprising a premature termination codon (non-sense codon). It is therefore evident that any change in ratio between certain CFTR splicing variants is also considered to be the result of splicing modulation. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

Thus, according to certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in the modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA carrying a mutation of CFTR mutation classes I to V, especially of classes IV and V. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In certain such embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in correcting or improving chloride transport through the CFTR channel, or in increasing the production of functional CFTR protein. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In other certain such embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in patients carrying CFTR mutations with residual CFTR function such as mutations of mutation classes I to V, preferably classes IV and/or V. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

According to other certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in reducing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12.

In other embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule described above is for use in increasing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.

In certain embodiments, the synthetic polynucleotide described above comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10, or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a method for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above to said patient. Being a genetic disease, Cystic Fibrosis currently cannot be cured, but its clinical manifestations and/or symptoms can be treated by the oligonucleotides of the present invention, for a marked increase and/or improvement in a patient's clinical status and quality of life.

The term “improving” as used herein refers to a favorable change, i.e. an increase or a decrease of at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 15%, at least 20%, at least 25%, at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, or at least 50% in a certain Cystic Fibrosis clinical parameter.

The term “a therapeutically effective amount” as used herein refers to an amount necessary for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis or reducing the severity of at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient. The therapeutically effective amount differs according to the patient's status, the synthetic polynucleotide molecule's administration route, excipient usage and co-usage of other active agents.

Thus, in certain embodiments, the clinical parameter is selected from the group consisting of lung function, time to the first pulmonary exacerbation, a change in weight, a change in height, a change in Body Mass Index (BMI), a change in the concentration of sweat chloride, number and/or duration of pulmonary exacerbations, total number of days of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbations, or the need for antibiotic therapy for sinopulmonary signs or symptoms. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the method further comprises administering at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent to said patient.

In certain such embodiments, said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor). In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the method comprises administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In certain such embodiments, the method comprises administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain such embodiments, the method comprises administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain such embodiments, the method comprises administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and further administering a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, the administration of said therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule of the present invention and the administration of said at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are independently oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalational, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. It should be understood that the selection of an administration route depends on the nature of the therapeutic agent and the site of its intended effect, and thus certain agents may be administrated via the same or different administration routes.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a kit comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and an additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent. In certain embodiments said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a more specific such embodiment, said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor). In another more specific such embodiment, said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor). Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In other certain embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA.

In specific such embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, capable of suppressing exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In specific such embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In specific such embodiments, said kit comprises a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, and a synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8, or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide and said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are comprised in one or more pharmaceutical compositions. In certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide and said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are comprised in the same or different pharmaceutical compositions. In other certain embodiments, said one or more pharmaceutical compositions are each independently formulated for oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalation, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 20 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is capable of binding to a pre-mRNA transcript of the CFTR gene, and suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA. The phrase “suppress intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion” as used herein refers to lowering the occurrence of the addition of 84 nucleotides (SEQ ID NO: 5) found within intron 22 of the CFTR gene to the mature CFTR mRNA, leading to degradation of said mRNA by the nonsense mediated mRNA decay (NMD) mechanism, as illustrated in FIG. 6. In certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises at least 20 nucleotides e.g. at least 21 nucleotides. In other certain embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises about 20 to 30 nucleotides e.g. about 20 to 28, about 20 to 26 or about 22 to 26 nucleotides. In specific embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprises 22, 23, 24, 25, or 26 nucleotides. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3, or to a fragment thereof. In certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 4, or to a fragment thereof. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. In other certain embodiments, said nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. Specific embodiments of said synthetic polynucleotide molecule are described above.

The present invention further provides, in a related aspect, a pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Specific embodiments of said pharmaceutical composition are described above.

In a further related aspect, the present invention provides a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above, for use in the modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA. In certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is for use in reducing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 11. In other certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is for use in increasing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1. In other certain embodiments, said synthetic polynucleotide molecule comprises the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 6, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 8 or SEQ ID NO: 9. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. Specific embodiments of said use are described above.

The invention further provides, in an aspect, a method for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising the step of administering a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule as described above to said patient. In certain embodiments, said clinical parameter is selected from the group consisting of lung function, time to the first pulmonary exacerbation, change in weight, change in height, a change in Body Mass Index (BMI), change in the concentration of sweat chloride, number and/or duration of pulmonary exacerbations, total number of days of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbations, and the need for antibiotic therapy for sinopulmonary signs or symptoms. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the present invention. Specific embodiments of said method are described above.

The terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “includes”, “including”, “having” and their conjugates mean “including but not limited to”. This term encompasses the terms “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of”. As used herein, the singular form “a”, “an”, “the” and “said” include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, the term “a compound” or “at least one compound” may include a plurality of compounds, including mixtures thereof.

The following examples are meant to be construed as non-limiting to the scope of the invention and are to serve merely as illustrative embodiments.

EXAMPLES

TABLE 1 Sequences. SEQ ID NO: Title Chr. 7 position Orientation 1 Mature CFTR mRNA NM_000492.3 (NCBI) Sense 2 Exon 10 target 117188295-117189277 Sense 3 Intron 22 target #1 117279911-117280032 Sense 4 Intron 22 target #2 117279906-117280037 Sense 5 Intron 22 cryptic exon 117279930-117280013 Sense 6 Oligonucleotide #1 117279925-117279949 Anti-sense 7 Oligonucleotide #2 117279939-117279963 Anti-sense 8 Oligonucleotide #3 117279975-117279999 Anti-sense 9 Oligonucleotide #4 117280007-117280031 Anti-sense 10 Oligonucleotide #5 117188920-117188941 Anti-sense 11 Exons 1-27 + cryptic Sense exon 22 12 Exons 1-9 + 11-27 Sense 13 Control Anti-sense Oligonucleotide #1 14 Control Anti-sense Oligonucleotide #2

TABLE 2 Oligonucleotides. Oligonu- SEQ cleotide ID Length # NO: Nucleotide sequence (nt) 1  6 aaaucaagaugacaagucaacugaa 25 2  7 cuuguggucuccagaaaucaagaug 25 3  8 aacagauggaagacucuuguaauua 25 4  9 ucagggugucuuacucaccauuuua 25 5 10 cuagaaaaaaaaagagacaugg 22 6 13 cuugugaaacuuacugauuaucagg 25 7 14 ccucuuaccucaguuacaauuuaua 25

Methods Oligonucleotide Synthesis

2-O-Methyl modified oligonucleotides on a phosphorothioate backbone were synthesised on an Expedite 8909 Nucleic Acid Synthesiser (Life Technologies) using the lumol thioate synthesis protocol according to the pre-programmed synthesis manual. The synthesis protocols are pre-loaded on the Synthesizer.

Cell Culture and Transfection Protocol for Intron 22 Cryptic Exon Exclusion

CFP15a nasal epithelial cell line, established from a patient heterozygous for W1282X and 3849+10 kb C to T mutations, were grown in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Basal medium (Lonza). One day prior to transfection, the cells were plated onto 140 mm plates with 400,000 cells per plate. On the day of transfection, the medium was replaced to opti-MEM (Invitrogen) with no additional supplements. Cells were transfected with 2-O-methyl AO lipoplexes (Lipofectamin:AO ratio of 1:1) with AO concentrations of 25 nM or 10 nM and left to incubate at 37° C. for 24 hours. After 4 hours of incubation, the transfection medium was replaced with fresh Bronchial Epithelial Cell Basal medium.

RNA Analysis

TABLE 3 Primer Sequences. Primer  Primer location Sequence 5′->3′ 1^(a) External CFTR  AGCATTTGCTGATTGCACAG Fwd 2^(a) External CFTR  GAAAGAGCTTCACCCTGTCG Rev 3^(b) Short CFTR  AATGCTGGAATGCCAACAATT (ex 26) Fwd 4^(b) Short CFTR  GGCTCCTCTCGTTCAGCAGT (ex 27) Rev 5^(a) 84 external   GGGCCAAATGACTGTCAAAG Fwd (exon 22) 6^(a) 84 external   GCAACAGATGGAAGACTCTTGT Rev (84 bp) 7^(b) TPW Fwd  GCCATATTAGAGAACATTTCCTTCTCA (exon 22) 8^(b) TPW Rev  ACCTTGTGGTCTCCAGAAATCAA (84 bp) ^(a)-RT-PCR; ^(b)-nested PCR.

Total RNA was extracted using the RNeasy extraction kit (QIAGEN). RNA-less and reverse-transcriptase-less reactions were used as controls. 1000 ng of total RNA was used for complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis using the High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). 1 μl of cDNA was used for RT-PCR (Invitrogen Amplitaq enzyme kit) using outer primers targeting sequences at the extremities of exons 26/27 (primers 1 and 2) and of exon 22/84 bp pseudo exon (primers 5 and 6). Samples were incubated at 94° C. for 1:45 min, followed by 35 cycles (for 84 bp variant amplification) or 30 cycles (for total CFTR amplification) of 94° C. for 30 sec, 55° C. for 30 sec and 72° C. for 1 min. Samples were diluted 1/27 and 1/81 and 3 μl were used for nested PCR for second amplification using primers targeting internal regions across exon 22/84 bp pseudo exon (for 84 bp variant amplification, primers 7 and 8) or exons 26/27 (for total CFTR amplification, primers 3 and 4). RT-PCR was performed in ABI 7500 using a Power SYBR green PCR master Mix (Applied Biosystems). The expression level was normalized to the transcript levels of POLR2A and IPO8. Specific primers for these PCR reactions were designed using the Primer Express software. For statistical analysis Student t-test was used.

Transfection Protocol for Exon 10 Inclusion

16HBE normal bronchiole epithelial cell line shows low levels of exon 10 skipping. Cells were propagated in 10% FCS DMEM, supplemented with L-Glutamine and penicillin/streptomycin/fungizome. 16HBE cells plated onto 24 well plates with 50,000 cells per well with 10% FCS DMEM with 2 wells per treatment, and left overnight prior to transfection.

16HBE cells were transfected with 2-O-methyl oligonucleotide lipoplexes (Lipofectin:AO ratio of 2:1) with oligonucleotide concentrations of 600 nM, 300 nM and 150 nM, topped up to 1 ml with 1% FCS DMEM (no additional supplements) and left to incubate at 37° C. for 48 hours.

Nested PCR and RT-PCR Protocols

TABLE 4 Primer Sequences. Primer Primer  location Sequence 5′->3′  9^(b) CFTR exon  GGT TCT TTG TGG TGT  8 Fwd TTT TAT CT 10^(a) CFTR exon  GCA ATA AAC AAA ATA  8/9 Fwd CAG GAT TTC 11^(a) CFTR exon  AAA CTT GGA GAT GTC  11/12 Rev CTC TTC 12^(b) CFTR exon  TGC TAA AGA AAT TCT  12 Rev TGC TCG TT ^(a)-nested PCR; ^(b)-RT-PCR.

Following transfection, cells were harvested and RNA extracted using TriZol reagent as per manufacturer's instruction. 200 ng of total RNA was used for nested PCR. Primary PCR setup using Invitrogen One Step RT-PCR SuperScript III with Platinum Taq enzyme kit as per manufacturer's instruction, amplified with primers targeting exons 8-12 (primers 9 and 12). Samples were incubated at 55° C. for 30 min, 94° C. for 2 min, followed by 35 cycles of 94° C. for 40 sec, 58° C. for 1 min and 68° C. for 1 min. Samples were diluted 1/10 and 1 ul used for secondary amplification using Invitrogen AmpliTaQ Gold enzyme kit, as per manufacturer instructions. Samples were amplified across exon 8/9 to 11/12 boundaries (primers 10 and 11) and incubated at 94° C. for 6 min, followed by 30 cycles of 94° C. for 40 sec, 55° C. for 1 min and 72° C. for 1 min. Samples were fractionated on 2% Agarose gels, and products visualized on a Chemismart-3000 gel documentation system. Product identity was confirmed by band purification and DNA sequencing as necessary.

Halide Efflux Assay (SPQ) Protocol

Cells were seeded onto collagen-coated glass coverslips and grown to ˜80% confluence Immediately prior to study, cells were hypotonically loaded with halide quenched dye 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ), 10 mM, Molecular Probes Inc., Eugene, Oreg.) for 10 min and then placed in a quenching NaI-based buffer (King & Sorscher, Biochemistry, 2000). CFTR robustly conducts iodide in addition to chloride, HCO₃ ⁻, and other anions, allowing use of iodide quench as a measure of macroscopic channel activity. Cells were mounted in a specially designed perfusion chamber and fluorescence monitored using an inverted microscope. Baseline fluorescence was initially studied in NaI buffer (above) followed by dequenching NaNO₃ solution (King & Sorscher, Biochemistry, 2000). CFTR agonists (20 μM forskolin, 50 μM genistein) were added to activate channel gating, after which NaI buffer was again perfused. Fluorescence was normalized for each cell versus baseline and increases shown as percent above basal (quenched) values. For each coverslip, >15 individual cells were monitored. Averages from each coverslip were used for statistical analysis.

Example 1

Oligonucleotide No. 5 was synthesized and tested for its anti-splicing-silencing capability, i.e. its ability to minimize exon 10 skipping and increase exon 10 inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA in 16HBE cells (see FIG. 3). FIG. 4 depicts that oligonucleotide no. 5 was indeed able to dramatically increase the level of exon 10 inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA in a dose dependent manner, as clearly evident from the progressive strengthening of the full 501-base transcripts and the progressive weakening and eventually loss of the aberrant Δ exon 10 318-base transcripts.

The data presented in FIG. 4 provides substantial evidence, for the first time, that exon 10 splicing may be modulated by oligonucleotides targeting sequences within and adjacent to exon 10 (as illustrated in FIG. 2).

Example 2

Epithelial cell line CFP15a, established from a nasal polyp of a Cystic Fibrosis patient carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T splicing mutation, were transfected with various concentrations of oligonucleotides 1-4 as described above (see FIG. 7). After 4 hours of incubation, the transfected medium was replaced with fresh medium. Twenty four hours after transfection, the cells were harvested for RNA extraction, followed by cDNA synthesis. Aliquots of cDNA were used for RT-PCR using two pairs of outer primers towards exon 22 and the 84 bp cryptic exon (primers 5-6 in Table 3) and towards exon 26-27 (for total CFTR evaluation, primers 1-2 in Table 3). Nested PCR was subsequently performed using internal primers (primers 7-8 for the detection of the 84 bp cryptic exon, and primers 3-4 for the evaluation of total CFTR level). FIG. 8A depicts that oligonucleotides 1-4 completely prevented the formation of the CFTR 84 bp splicing variant in the transfected cells in both concentrations (25 and 10 nM). FIG. 8B depicts that oligonucleotides 1-4 were further able to dramatically increase by several folds the level of total CFTR mRNA.

From the data presented in FIG. 8A-B it becomes evident that oligonucleotides according to the present invention are capable of binding to their predetermined targets and significantly modify the CFTR splicing balance in cells carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T splicing mutation in favor of the full CFTR transcript.

Example 3

In addition to the experimental results provided in Example 2, CFP15a epithelial cells were transfected with oligonucleotide 4 for 24 hours (transfection concentration: 10 nM). Following transfection, the cells were analyzed for functional CFTR activity using the halide efflux assay (SPQ). Following treatment, a significant restoration of the CFTR protein activity was observed. The extent of fluorescence is correlated with CFTR channel activation. FIG. 9 depicts that as soon as 24 hours post oligonucleotide 4 transfection, functional CFTR chloride channels responsible for chloride transport were embedded in the epithelial cells' membrane resulting in restored CFTR function.

To further verify this result, forskolin and genestein (CFTR channel activators) were added, since their addition, pending that the CFTR channel is present on the cell membrane and is functional, will cause the channel to open and allow chloride efflux. FIG. 9 depicts that the fluorescent signal has increased following the addition of the activators, attributed to chloride efflux through the CFTR channel.

It is therefore evident that the administration of oligonucleotides according to the present invention is capable of substantially increasing the CFTR function in cells carrying the 3849+10 kb C to T splicing mutation.

REFERENCES

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1. A synthetic polynucleotide molecule, comprising a nucleotide sequence comprising a sequence of at least 18 consecutive nucleotide bases, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide molecule is configured to bind to a pre-messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) transcript of the Cystic Fibrosis Trans-membrane conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, and is configured to suppress exon 10 exclusion from the mature CFTR mRNA.
 2. The synthetic polynucleotide molecule of claim 1, wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises 20 to 30 nucleotides, or wherein said nucleotide sequence is complementary to the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 2, or to a fragment thereof, or wherein said nucleotide sequence comprises a nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 10 or an active fragment of said nucleotide sequence, or wherein said consecutive nucleotide bases are linked by a backbone selected from the group consisting of a phosphate-ribose backbone, a phosphate-deoxyribose backbone, a 2′-O-methyl-phosphorothioate backbone, a phosphorodiamidate morpholino backbone, a peptide nucleic acid backbone, a 2-methoxyethyl phosphorothioate backbone, an alternating locked nucleic acid backbone and a phosphorothioate backbone.
 3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a synthetic polynucleotide molecule according to claim 1, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalation, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration.
 5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3, further comprising at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent.
 6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 5, wherein said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector.
 7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 6, wherein said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA; said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor); or said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor).
 8. A method for improving at least one clinical parameter of Cystic Fibrosis in a patient in need thereof, the method comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of a synthetic polynucleotide molecule according to claim 1 to said patient.
 9. The method of claim 8, wherein said clinical parameter is selected from the group consisting of lung function, time to the first pulmonary exacerbation, change in weight, change in height, a change in Body Mass Index (BMI), change in the concentration of sweat chloride, number and/or duration of pulmonary exacerbations, total number of days of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbations, and the need for antibiotic therapy for sinopulmonary signs or symptoms.
 10. The method of claim 8, further comprising the step of administering at least one additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent to said patient.
 11. The method of claim 10, wherein said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA; said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor); or said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor).
 13. The method of claim 8, wherein said step of administering involves oral, nasal, aerosol, inhalational, abdominal, subcutaneous, intra-peritoneal or intravenous administration.
 14. A kit comprising: (i) a synthetic polynucleotide molecule according to claim 1, and (ii) an additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent.
 15. The kit of claim 14, wherein said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent is selected from the group consisting of a CFTR-splicing-modulating agent, a CFTR potentiator and a CFTR corrector.
 16. The kit of claim 15, wherein said CFTR-splicing-modulating agent is a synthetic polynucleotide molecule capable of suppressing intron 22 cryptic exon inclusion in the mature CFTR mRNA; said CFTR potentiator is N-(2,4-Di-tert-butyl-5-hydroxyphenyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxamide (Ivacaftor); or said CFTR corrector is selected from the group consisting of 3-[5-(2-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl]benzoic acid (Ataluren) and 3-{6-{[1-(2,2-difluoro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)cyclopropanecarbonyl]amino}-3-methylpyridin-2-yl}benzoic acid (Lumacaftor).
 17. The kit of claim 14, wherein said synthetic polynucleotide and said additional anti-Cystic-Fibrosis agent are comprised in one or more pharmaceutical compositions.
 18. A method for modulation of splicing of a CFTR pre-mRNA, the method comprising administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.
 19. A method for reducing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 12, the method comprising administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof.
 20. A method for increasing the level of an mRNA molecule comprising the nucleotide sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1, the method comprising administering the synthetic polynucleotide molecule of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof. 